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1) "Dna" -- As to dna polymerase DNA
Pronunciation: "dE-"en-'A
Function: noun
Etymology: deoxyribonucleic acid
: any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei -- compare RECOMBINANT DNA
[DNA illustration] Pronunciation Symbols
The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. All living things contain DNA genomes. A possible exception is a group of viruses that have RNA genomes, but viruses are not normally considered living organisms. The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of information. The genome is often compared to a set of blueprints, since it contains the instructions to construct other components of the cell, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the expression of genetic information. In eukaryotes such as animals and plants, DNA is stored inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria, the DNA is in the cell's cytoplasm. Unlike enzymes, DNA does not participate directly in most of the biochemical reactions it controls; rather, various enzymes act on DNA and copy its information into either more DNA, in DNA replication, or transcribe and translate it into protein. In chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA, which helps control its interactions with other proteins in the nucleus. DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, which are held together by a backbone made of sugars and phosphate groups. This backbone carries four types of molecules called bases, and it is the sequence of these four bases that encodes information. The major function of DNA is to encode the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins, using the genetic code. To read the genetic code, cells make a copy of a stretch of DNA in the nucleic acid RNA. Some RNA copies are used to direct protein biosynthesis, but others are used directly as parts of ribosomes or spliceosomes. - 1 Physical and chemical properties
- 1.1 Base pairing
- 1.2 Sense and antisense
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2) "Polymerase" -- As to dna polymerase po·ly·mer·ase
Pronunciation: p&-'lim-&-rAs; 'pä-l&-m&-"rAs, -"rAz
Function: noun
: any of several enzymes that catalyze the formation of DNA or RNA from precursor substances in the presence of preexisting DNA or RNA acting as a template -- compare DNA POLYMERASE, RNA POLYMERASE Pronunciation Symbols
A polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The most well-known function of a polymerase is the catalysis of production of new DNA or RNA from an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription. In association with a cluster of other enzymes and proteins, they take nucleotides from solution, and hydrogen-bond them to complementary nucleotides that are on the template, or sense strand. It is an accident of history that the enzymes responsible for the catalytic production of other biopolymers are not also referred to as polymerases. One particular polymerase, from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus (Taq, pronounced "tack") (PDB 1BGX, EC 2.7.7.7) is of vital commercial importance due to its use in the polymerase chain reaction, a widely-used technique of molecular biology. Other well-known polymerases include: - Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT), which lends diversity to antibody heavy chains
- Reverse Transcriptase, an enzyme used by RNA retroviruses like HIV, which is used to create a complementary strand to the preexisting strand of viral RNA before it can be integrated into the DNA of the host cell. It is also a major target for antiviral drugs.
- Flash animation at McGraw-Hill genetics-Dna%20Replication
- DNA polymerase
- DNA polymerase I
- DNA polymerase II
- DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
- DNA Polymerase IV (DinB) – SOS repair polymerase
- RNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase I
- RNA polymerase II
- RNA polymerase III
Proteins: enzymes Transferase: polymerases DNA replication
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